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Driving under the influence of alcohol is one of the principal causes of road traffic crashes (RTCs) [1]. The use of alcohol is also a risk factor for other road users, such as pedestrians and bicyclists. The association of alcohol in injurious and fatal RTCs has been well documented in most high-income countries, but data for low- and middle-income countries is scarce, particularly for African countries [2]. The study was a collaborative effort between Kamuzu Central Hospital (KCH), the Norwegian Institute of Public Health (NIPH) and Oslo University Hospital (OUH), with the financial support of UK Aid through the Global Road Safety Facility (GRSF) hosted by the World Bank, the International Council on Alcohol Drugs and Traffic Safety (ICADTS) and the Norwegian Council for Road Safety (Trygg Trafikk). The objective of the study was to generate new knowledge about road traffic injuries in Malawi and the extent of traffic accidents related to alcohol use, to increase capacity to conduct alcohol testing, and develop a database for the findings, which in turn will form the basis for future policymaking to reduce traffic accidents. The objectives were achieved through collecting data on patients who sought treatment after road traffic crashes and admitted to the Emergency Department at KCH in Lilongwe, Malawi. A questionnaire was developed for data collection in cooperation between the project groups in Norway and Malawi. The data included basic information about the patients, alcohol use before the injury, and information about accident circumstances, including types of road users and vehicles involved. Participation was voluntary and anonymous. All weekdays, weekends and nights were covered. Alcohol was measured using a breathalyzer or saliva test for those who were not able to blow. Knowledge and training of local KCH employees to perform alcohol testing and record data were an important aspect of this study. The project was approved by the National Health Science Research Committee (NHSRC) in Malawi. The Regional Committee for Medical and Health Research Ethics in Norway was consulted, and their conclusion was that no formal application was needed, with reference to the Norwegian Health Research Act Section, §2 and 4a. A Data Protection Impact Assessment was performed as required by NIPH. There were 1251 patients in the study, representing nearly 95 per cent of those who were asked to participate. The results show a rather high prevalence of alcohol use among several injured road user groups (totally about 25 percent), particularly among those injured during weekend nights and evenings, but also during weekday evenings and nights. It was estimated that about 15 per cent of injured motor vehicle drivers and riders had BACs above the legal limit of 0.8 grams/L at the time of the crash. The findings also show that it is important to focus on bus/minibus/lorry drivers who often carry passengers, where about one out of five tested positive for alcohol. It is worth noting that pedestrians had the highest prevalence of alcohol use before being injured. They constitute a vulnerable group; they often walk in the dark with no road lighting, no pavements, walkways or safe places to cross the road. Combined with alcohol use their injury risk is even higher. The collected data can contribute to future road traffic safety procedures and measures. The long-term goal is to contribute to sustainable development goal 3, target 3.6, to reduce by half the number of global RTC deaths and injuries. ; Hvert år dør ca. 1,3 millioner personer i trafikkulykker, 30-50 millioner blir skadet. Malawi er et av verdens fattigste land som ligger i sørøst-Afrika og har over 18 millioner innbyggere. Malawi er nå blant verdens 10 land med flest dødsulykker (over 30 døde/100 000 innbyggere, Norge har mindre enn 2/100 000). Det er lite kunnskap om årsakene til ulykkene, bl.a. omfanget av alkoholrelaterte ulykker. Landets alkoholgrense er 0,8 promille for førere av alle grupper motorkjøretøy. Å kjøre under påvirkning av alkohol er en av hovedårsakene til trafikkulykker [1]. Bruken av alkohol er også en risikofaktor for andre trafikanter, som fotgjengere og syklister. Det er godt dokumentert at alkohol er en faktor i skadelige og dødelige trafikkulykker i de fleste høyinntektsland, men data for lav- og mellom-inntektsland mangler, spesielt for afrikanske land [2]. Denne studien var et samarbeidsprosjekt mellom Kamuzu Central Hospital (KCH), Folkehelseinstituttet og Oslo Universitetssykehus, med økonomisk støtte fra UK Aid gjennom Verdensbankens Global Road Safety Facility (GRSF), the International Council on Alcohol, Drugs and Traffic Safety (ICADTS) og Trygg Trafikk. Målet var å generere ny kunnskap om veitrafikk skader i Malawi og omfanget av trafikkulykker knyttet til alkoholbruk, å øke kompetansen i å utføre alkohol-testing, og utvikle en database for å registrere resultatene. Hensikten var å gi et evidensbasert grunnlag for framtidig politikk utforming for å redusere trafikkulykker. Målene ble nådd gjennom å samle inn data om pasienter som søkte behandling etter trafikkulykker og som ble innlagt ved Akuttavdelingen ved KCH i Lilongwe, Malawi. Et spørreskjema ble utviklet i samarbeid med prosjektgruppene i Norge og Malawi. Dataomfanget inkluderte bl.a. grunnleggende informasjon om pasientene, alkohol bruk før skaden, i tillegg til opplysninger om omstendighetene rundt ulykken inkludert type trafikant og kjøretøy. Deltakelse var frivillig og all data ble anonymisert. Alle ukedager ble dekket i undersøkelsen, likeså helger og netter. Alkohol ble målt ved bruk av alkometer eller spyttprøver for pasienter som ikke var i stand til å blåse. Kunnskapsoverføring og opplæring av lokale KCH ansatte i å gjennomføre alkohol testing og dataregistrering var en viktig del av denne studien. Prosjektet var godkjent av den etiske komiteen i Malawi (NHSRC), og regional etisk komité for medisinsk og helsefaglig forskningsetikk (REK) ble konsultert. Deres konklusjon var at ingen formell søknad til REK var nødvendig med henvisning til Helseforskningsloven §2 and 4a. I tillegg ble det gjennomført en personvernkonsekvensutredning, i tråd med General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) og krav fra Folkehelseinstituttet. Det var 1251 pasienter i studien, nærmere 95 % av de som ble spurt om å delta. Resultatene viser høy prevalens av alkohol bruk blant mange ulike grupper skadde trafikanter (totalt ca. 25%), spesielt blant de skadde under helgene (kveld og natt), men også mye på ukekvelder og netter. Omtrent 15% av de skadde førerne av motorkjøretøy hadde alkoholkonsentrasjon i blodet høyere enn lovlig grense på 0,8 promille på tidspunktet for ulykken. Funnene viser også at det er viktig å fokusere på førerne av buss/minibuss/lastebiler, som ofte har passasjerer om bord, hvorav en av fem testet positivt for alkohol. Det er verdt å merke at fotgjengere hadde høyest prevalens av alkoholbruk før de ble skadd. De er en sårbar gruppe; de går ofte i mørket uten veitrafikk lys og uten fotgjengerfelt eller trygge steder å krysse veien. Kombinert med alkoholbruk er risikoen for skade enda høyere. De innsamlede data kan bidra til framtidige veisikkerhetsprosedyrer og tiltak. Det langsiktige målet er å bidra til bærekraftsmål 3, delmål 3.6, å halvere antall dødsfall og skader i verden forårsaket av trafikkulykker. Denne studien viser hvor viktig det er å samle inn tilstrekkelig og relevant data for helsemyndigheter spesielt i lav- og mellom-inntektsland i kampen mot alkohol-relaterte trafikkulykker, dødsfall og skader. En rekke anbefalinger ble presentert malawiske myndigheter under et virtuelt seminar, på grunn av COVID-19 pandemien, som fant sted høsten 2020. ; This research project was made possible with the financial support of UK Aid through the Global Road Safety Facility hosted by the World Bank, the International Council on Alcohol Drugs and Traffic Safety (ICADTS) and the Norwegian Council for Road Safety (Trygg Trafikk). ; publishedVersion

This seminar, jointly sponsored by Syracuse University and the University College, Dar es Salaam, was attended by East African civil servants, staff members of the three Colleges, and research workers from the multidisciplinary Syracuse University Village Settlement Project in Tanzania. While some general ideas about rural development were presented, notably by Anthony Rweyemamu in his paper 'On the Concept of Development from Below', the main focus was on settlement schemes, in particular Tanzania's pilot village settlements.

Political Economy Seminar
The Meddlers: Sovereignty, Empire and the Birth of Global Economic Governance
Presenter: Jamie Martin, Harvard University
Date: Friday 23 June 2023
Time: 11am (Sydney/Australian Eastern Time)
Online: Please join via Zoom
Please join us for a seminar with Jamie Martin, on his book, The Meddlers: Sovereignty, Empire and the Birth of Global Economic Governance, recently published by Harvard University Press.
Martijn Konings will also speak as discussant.
About the talk
International economic institutions like the International Monetary Fund and World Bank exert incredible influence over the domestic policies of many states. These institutions date from the end of World War II and amassed power during the neoliberal era of the late twentieth century. But as Jamie Martin shows, if we want to understand their deeper origins and the ideas and dynamics that shaped their controversial powers, we must turn back to the explosive political struggles that attended the birth of global economic governance in the early twentieth century.
The Meddlers tells the story of the first international institutions to govern the world economy, including the League of Nations and Bank for International Settlements, created after World War I. These institutions endowed civil servants, bankers, and colonial authorities from Europe and the United States with extraordinary powers: to enforce austerity, coordinate the policies of independent central banks, oversee development programs, and regulate commodity prices. In a highly unequal world, they faced a new political challenge: was it possible to reach into sovereign states and empires to intervene in domestic economic policies without generating a backlash?
Martin follows the intense political conflicts provoked by the earliest international efforts to govern capitalism—from Weimar Germany to the Balkans, Nationalist China to colonial Malaya, and the Chilean desert to Wall Street. The Meddlers shows how the fraught problems of sovereignty and democracy posed by institutions like the IMF are not unique to late twentieth-century globalization, but instead first emerged during an earlier period of imperial competition, world war, and economic crisis.
"The Meddlers is an eye-opening, essential new history that places our international financial institutions in the transition from a world defined by empire to one of nation states enmeshed in the world economy."—Adam Tooze, Columbia University
About the speaker
Jamie Martin is an international historian with a focus on the history of international political economy and empire, particularly during the era of the world wars. He is the author of The Meddlers: Sovereignty, Empire, and the Birth of Global Economic Governance (Harvard University Press, 2022), which charts the origins and rise of the first international institutions to govern global capitalism after World War I – and the political resistance they generated around the world, from Western Europe to the Balkans, the United States, Latin America, China, and colonial Southeast Asia. He has published widely on the political economy of the world wars, international institutions, the history of commodities, and the intellectual history of crisis. His public writing – on topics such as the history of central banking, financial crisis, and global governance – has also appeared in The New York Times, The London Review of Books, The Nation, n+1, Dissent, Bookforum, and The Guardian.
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Bredow, W. v.: New roles for the armed forces and the concept of democratic control. - S. 23-43 Maciu, F.: Democratic control over the armed forces in Romania. - S. 44-51 Martinovic, R.: Democratic control of armed forces strategic precondition with a view from Montenegro. - S. 52-55 Turkovic, B.: Democratic control of armed forces : who guards the guards? - S. 56-60 Ionescu, R.: Decision making on mission, tasks and structure of armed forces. - S. 63-68 Marsic, D.: Democratic control of armed forces in the Republic of Slovenia. - S. 69-74 Simonovski, B.:Democratic control of armed forces in the Republic of Macedonia. - S. 75-83 Vankovska, B.: The role of the academic community in developing democratic control of armed forces. - S. 87-102 Prüfert, A. D.: Decision making, education and information on missions, tasks, and structure of armed forces : the role of the academic community. - S. 103-108 Vegic, V.: Organisation and role of defence studies at the University of Ljubljana. - S. 109-115 Hoffmann, C.: Media and armed forces - a special relationship. - S. 117-124 Matic, J.: The media and democratic control of armed forces : the Yugoslav army and the public. - S. 125-130 Maroevic, R.: Media and armed forces : observations from media missions to Kosovo and Macedonia. - S. 131-135 Prlenda, A.: The meda and democratic control of armed forces : observations from Bosnia and Herzegovina. - S. 136-141 Stojkovic, M.: The status and role of democratic civilian control of the military in the system of defence of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. - S. 145-153 Markovic, I.: Report on experts' meeting "Civil Control fo Armed Forces". - S. 154-166 Grahovac, B.: Assessment of the possible development in the region : political and defence-security aspects. - S. 167-175 Krstic, N.: The experience of practising principles of democratic control of the armed forces in the joint security force during the crisis in Southern Serbia. - S. 176-181 Vah, I.: Internal political aspects of democratic control of the military and the role of the Slovene army in public (Slovenia case). - S. 182-191

This capacity-building seminar titled 'Seminar on International Finance: Challenges and Opportunities in Modern International Finance', was jointly organized and sponsored by the ADB Institute, the ADB and the Korea Institute for International Economic Policy (KIEP), from 17-21 September 2001, Seoul, Korea. The participants were middle- to senior level government officials from nine Asian countries of the ADB. The main objective of the seminar was to enhance participants' understanding of various issues involved in the changing international financial environment and to provide them the opportunities to discuss methods of strengthening domestic and international financial sector through countryspecific, regional and international approaches. The seminar provided an in-depth learning experience for participants and a forum to discuss various conceptual and practical policy issues in financial reform and capital market development. Comprehensive presentations by eminent resource speakers from the academia and multilateral financial institutions provided the knowledge base for the seminar. Participants were also given the opportunity to present their own analysis and opinions about issues addressed during the seminar and to exchange views with one another and with resource speakers in interactive discussions.

From 1995 to 2000, academics and European Commission (EC) civil servants participated in a seminar organised by the EC and dedicated to the governance of the European Union. The main outcome of this seminar was the publication of the White Paper on European Governance in July 2001. This White Paper focuses on the concept of " good governance " and presents five corresponding principles: openness, participation, accountability, effectiveness and coherence. Here, participation benefits from a special status since it is considered as a prerequisite for fulfilling the four other principles. Based on a semantic analysis of the corresponding EC publications, we propose a detailed characterisation of the discursive regime of European participative governance. A specificity of this discourse lies in its almost exclusive uptake of participation as " procedural " , as opposed to a possible " substantial " participation. I will then expose the convergences and divergences between both discursive regimes of European participative governance and of neoliberalism. In particular, I will show that their main divergence concerns the status that the discourse of participative governance confers to both bureaucracy and techno-scientific expertise. Finally, in the EC participative governance discourse, the promoted participation is the procedural participation of scientific and technical experts, coming from either the European bureaucracy or the organised civil society, and not the participation of lay European citizens.

From 1995 to 2000, academics and European Commission (EC) civil servants participated in a seminar organised by the EC and dedicated to the governance of the European Union. The main outcome of this seminar was the publication of the White Paper on European Governance in July 2001. This White Paper focuses on the concept of " good governance " and presents five corresponding principles: openness, participation, accountability, effectiveness and coherence. Here, participation benefits from a special status since it is considered as a prerequisite for fulfilling the four other principles. Based on a semantic analysis of the corresponding EC publications, we propose a detailed characterisation of the discursive regime of European participative governance. A specificity of this discourse lies in its almost exclusive uptake of participation as " procedural " , as opposed to a possible " substantial " participation. I will then expose the convergences and divergences between both discursive regimes of European participative governance and of neoliberalism. In particular, I will show that their main divergence concerns the status that the discourse of participative governance confers to both bureaucracy and techno-scientific expertise. Finally, in the EC participative governance discourse, the promoted participation is the procedural participation of scientific and technical experts, coming from either the European bureaucracy or the organised civil society, and not the participation of lay European citizens.

From 1995 to 2000, academics and European Commission (EC) civil servants participated in a seminar organised by the EC and dedicated to the governance of the European Union. The main outcome of this seminar was the publication of the White Paper on European Governance in July 2001. This White Paper focuses on the concept of " good governance " and presents five corresponding principles: openness, participation, accountability, effectiveness and coherence. Here, participation benefits from a special status since it is considered as a prerequisite for fulfilling the four other principles. Based on a semantic analysis of the corresponding EC publications, we propose a detailed characterisation of the discursive regime of European participative governance. A specificity of this discourse lies in its almost exclusive uptake of participation as " procedural " , as opposed to a possible " substantial " participation. I will then expose the convergences and divergences between both discursive regimes of European participative governance and of neoliberalism. In particular, I will show that their main divergence concerns the status that the discourse of participative governance confers to both bureaucracy and techno-scientific expertise. Finally, in the EC participative governance discourse, the promoted participation is the procedural participation of scientific and technical experts, coming from either the European bureaucracy or the organised civil society, and not the participation of lay European citizens.

Political economy seminar
Extroverted Financialisation: Banking on USD Debt
Speaker: Mareike Beck, University of Warwick
When: Wednesday 17 April, 3-4pm, 2024
Where: A02 Social Sciences Building, Room 341, The University of Sydney, and Zoom
About the talk: I will speak about my new book, Extroverted Financialisation: Banking on USD Debt, forthcoming with Cambridge University Press. The book offers a new account of the Americanisation of global finance. It advances the concept of extroverted financialisation as an original framework to explain US-led financialisation. The paradigmatic case study of German universal banks is used to demonstrate that the transformation of global banking towards US-style finance should be understood as a response to a revolution in funding practices that originated in US money markets in the 1960s. This new way of funding led to the securitisation of USD debt and rapid globalisation of USD flows, which has fundamentally reshaped the competitive dynamics of global finance as this has empowered US banks over their European counterparts. I argue that this has caused German banks to partially uproot their operations from their own home markets to institutionalise themselves into US money markets. I show that to be able to compete with US financial institutions, German banks had to fundamentally transform the core of their own banking models towards US-style finance. This transformation not only led to the German banks' speculative investments during the 2000s subprime mortgage crisis but also to rising USD dependency and, ultimately, their contemporary decline.

About the speaker: I am an Assistant Professor in International Political Economy at the University of Warwick. Previously, I was Leverhulme Early Career Fellow at King's College London, after having finished my PhD at the University of Sussex. My research agenda focuses on the drivers and socio-economic impacts of financialisation at the global and everyday level. My work has addresses this in three inter-related areas. First, I am interested in a social history of global finance. My book project Extroverted Financialisation: Banking on USD Debt (under contract with Cambridge University Press) develops a novel conceptualisation, extroverted financialisation, to frame the US Americanisation of global finance. I am particularly interested in the uneven nature of the USD-based global financial architecture, and how this has shaped financial globalisation, innovations in on- and offshore finance, and financial instability. Secondly, using a feminist political economy approach, I investigate how everyday asset management and global asset management interact to produce various forms of asset-based inequalities in financialised economies. My third area of interest concerns creative and performative methodologies for knowledge exchange and impact. I regularly engage with civil society groups and local communities. For example, in May 2023, I directed and performed in an aerial acrobatics circus show that performed feminist political economy theorising of homes in their dual function as (1) an everyday living space and (2) a global financial asset.
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This volume is the result of a conference, which was held from June 14–15, 2012 at the Event Centre Schüttkasten in Klement-Oberleis, Lower Austria. The thematic focus of the contributions was the nature of contacts and relations between the settlement areas of the La Tène culture, which are associated with the Celtic tribes of the Boii and Taurisci on the basis of numismatic and written sources. The paradigm shifts in Iron Age archaeology and the veritable explosion of new archaeological materials and find contexts (coins, fibulae, Knotenringe, architecture and settlement features) have found their expression in this volume. - Dieser Band ist das Ergebnis einer Konferenz, welche vom 14.−15. Juni 2012 im Veranstaltungszentrum Schüttkasten in Klement-Oberleis, Niederösterreich stattfand. Den thematischen Schwerpunkt der Beiträge bildete der Verlauf der Hauptkontakte und Beziehungen zwischen den Siedlungsgebieten der Latènekultur, die aufgrund der numismatischen und schriftlichen Quellen mit den keltischen Stämmen der Boier und Taurisker in Verbindung gebracht werden. Eingang in den Band fand die Darstellung der Paradigmenwechsel und die wahrhaftige Explosion von neuen Fund- und Befundkategorien (Münzen, Fibeln, Knotenringe, Architektur und Siedlungsbefunde).

CIVILIAN-MILITARY RELATIONS IN NIGERIA ARE EXPLORED THROUGH INTERVIEWING POLITICIANS, CIVIL SERVANTS, & OFFICERS IN THE WESTERN STATE OF NIGERIA. ALTHOUGH CIVILIAN POLITICS CONTINUED UNDER THE MILITARY REGIME & CIVIL SERVANTS HAD EXPANDED ROLES, THE CONCLUSION IS THAT THE MILITARY HAD PROBLEMS BEING REPRESENTATIVE. WHILE IT NEEDED CIVILIANS, CIVILIAN POLITICIANS CONTINUED TO BE HOSTILE TO THE IDEA & PRACTICE OF A MILITARY REGIME EVEN WHEN THEY COLLABORATED WITH IT. MANY STRUCTURAL TENSIONS WERE PRODUCED, AS WERE THE MILITARY RISKS MOBILIZING THE POPULATION AGAINST IT. AA.

The United Nations Department for Disarmament Affairs (DDA) and the Foreign Ministry of the People's Republic of China, with the support of the Governments of Australia, Denmark, Norway, the United Kingdom and the European Union, jointly hosted the first UNSC 1540 outreach seminar. The sixty-seven participants included government officials from twenty-eight countries as well as international organizations. Through this seminar, participants shared their experiences in preparing their national reports and implementing resolution 1540 (2004), with a special focus on export controls, international assistance and lessons learned as highlighted in UNSC resolution 1673 (2006)